Application of multi-temporal satellite imagery for urban tree species identification

Accurate tree inventories are critical for urban forest management but challenging to obtain, as many urban trees are on private property (backyards, etc.) and are excluded from public inventories. Here, we examined the feasibility of tree species identification in a large heterogenous urban area (>850 km(2)) by using multi-temporal PlanetScope images (3.2 m resolution, multi-spectral) and inventory data from more than 20,000 ground observations within the urban forest of the Greater Chicago area. Our approach achieved an overall classification accuracy of 0.60 and 0.71 for 18 species and ten genera, respectively, but varied from moderate to high for certain species (0.59-0.92) and genera (0.61-0.91). In particular, we identified key host tree species (Fraxinus americana, F. pennsylvanica, and Acer saccharinum) for two damaging invasive insects, emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) and Asian longhorn beetle (ALB, Anoplophora glabripennis), with over 0.80 accuracies. In addition, we demonstrated that including images from the autumn months (September-November), either for a single-season model or a combined multiple-season model, improved the identification accuracy of temperate deciduous trees. Further, the high classification accuracy of support vector machine (SVM) over random forest (RF) and neural network (NN) approaches suggests that future work might benefit from comparing multiple classification methods to select the approach that maximizes species classification accuracy. Our study demonstrated the potential for applying multi-temporal high-resolution images in urban tree classification, which can be used for urban forest management at a large spatial scale.