Impact of fuel injection parameters associated with partially hydrogenated Ceiba pentandra biodiesel blend on CI engine characteristics

Multiple studies have shown that biodiesel blends significantly cut exhaust emissions. However, the most significant challenge was the rising emission of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The authors' prior research showed that a Ceiba pentandra biodiesel blend (B20) with a higher IP of 260 bar and an advanced IT of 27 degrees BTDC as an optimal Fuel injection parameter (FIP) resulted in superior combustion and reduced emissions except NOx. To further enhance engine performance, fuel reformulation strategies have been implemented together with FIP modification. This research intends to examine the impact of FIP combined with blending of partially hydrogenated biodiesel (HB) on engine characteristics. As a result of partial hydrogenation, the degree of unsaturation decreased by 60%, and the Cetane Number (CN) increased by 22%. Higher BTE (8%), TFC (3.4%), CP (13%), HRR (5%) and lower HC (12%), and CO (5.5%) emissions can be achieved when HB20 was combined with optimal FIP. Superior outcomes were seen with hydrogenated blend (HB20) than with normal B20, with a reduction in NOx emissions by 6.7% without significantly impacting the smoke emission trade-off. Thus, cuttingedge fuel reformulation approaches make way for eco-friendly engineering.