Investigating the Antiviral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn against the Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, and Chikungunya Viruses: A Computational Simulation Study

Background: The hunt for naturally occurring antiviral compounds to combat viral infection was expedited when COVID-19 and Ebola spread rapidly. Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn were evaluated as significant inhibitors of these viruses. Methods: Computational tools and techniques were used to assess the binding pattern of phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn to Ebola virus VP35, SARS-CoV-2 protease, Nipah virus glycoprotein, and chikungunya virus. Results: Virtual screening and AutoDock analysis revealed that arborside-C, beta amyrin, and beta-sitosterol exhibited a substantial binding affinity for specific viral targets. The arborside-C and beta-sitosterol molecules were shown to have binding energies of -8.65 and -9.11 kcal/mol, respectively, when interacting with the major protease. Simultaneously, the medication remdesivir exhibited a control value of -6.18 kcal/mol. The measured affinity of phytochemicals for the other investigated targets was -7.52 for beta-amyrin against Ebola and -6.33 kcal/mol for nicotiflorin against Nipah virus targets. Additional molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) conducted on the molecules with significant antiviral potential, specifically the beta-amyrin-VP35 complex showing a stable RMSD pattern, yielded encouraging outcomes. Conclusions: Arborside-C, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, and nicotiflorin could be established as excellent natural antiviral compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. The virus-suppressing phytochemicals in this plant make it a compelling target for both in vitro and in vivo research in the future.