Blood pressure responses to handgrip exercise but not apnea or mental stress are enhanced in women with a recent history of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a risk factor for future cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear, limiting effective prevention strategies. Blood pressure responses to acute stimuli may reveal cardiovascular dysfunction not apparent at rest, identifying individuals at elevated cardiovascular risk. Therefore, we compared blood pressure responsiveness with acute stimuli between previously preeclamptic (PPE) women (34 +/- 5 yr old, 13 +/- 6 mo postpartum) and women following healthy pregnancies (Ctrl; 29 +/- 3 yr old, 15 +/- 4 mo postpartum). Blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography calibrated to manual sphygmomanometry-derived values; PPE: n = 12, Ctrl: n = 12) was assessed during end-expiratory apnea, mental stress, and isometric handgrip exercise protocols. Integrated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was assessed in a subset of participants (peroneal nerve microneurography; PPE: n = 6, Ctrl: n = 8). Across all protocols, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in PPE than Ctrl (main effects of group all P < 0.05). Peak changes in SBP were stressor specific: peak increases in SBP were not different between PPE and Ctrl during apnea (8 +/- 6 vs. 6 +/- 5 mmHg, P = 0.32) or mental stress (9 +/- 5 vs. 4 +/- 7 mmHg, P = 0.06). However, peak exercise-induced increases in SBP were greater in PPE than Ctrl (11 +/- 5 vs. 7 +/- 7 mmHg, P = 0.04). MSNA was higher in PPE than Ctrl across all protocols (main effects of group all P < 0.05), and increases in peak MSNA were greater in PPE than Ctrl during apnea (44 +/- 6 vs. 27 +/- 14 burst/100 hb, P = 0.04) and exercise (25 +/- 8 vs. 13 +/- 11 burst/100 hb, P = 0.01) but not different between groups during mental stress (2 +/- 3 vs. 0 +/- 5 burst/100 hb, P = 0.41). Exaggerated pressor and sympathetic responses to certain stimuli may contribute to the elevated long-term risk for cardiovascular disease in PPE.