Assessment of some air pollutants in the Sanctuary of the Beata Vergine dei Miracoli (Saronno, Italy) and first evaluation of a new axial passive sampler for nitrogen dioxide

In the present study the concentration of some air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and BTEX, i.e. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) was monitored inside and outside the Sanctuary of the Beata Vergine dei Miracoli (Saronno, Italy) by passive air sampling (using radial samplers), during two sampling periods in 2022 (April 27-May 11 and May 11-May 25). Concurrently, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentration was determined by using sensors based on laser scattering technology. Moreover, we took advantage of the location of this sanctuary (proximity to an air monitoring central unit) to evaluate the performance of a new axial-type sampler for nitrogen dioxide. Sulphur dioxide concentration was in the range 0.8-3.1 mu g/m(3), with outdoor values higher than indoor ones, whereas no detectable concentrations of hydrogen sulphide were found (<0.1 <mu>g/m(3)). A different trend was observed for ammonia, where indoor concentrations were higher than outdoor ones (3.6-5.5 vs 2.7-3.1 mu g/m(3)). Among BTEX, only for benzene statistical differences (p-value < 0.05) between the indoor and outdoor concentrations were found, suggesting additional indoor sources for this hydrocarbon. Toluene results as the most abundant among these hydrocarbons (1.7-2.3 <mu>g/m(3)) in outdoor environments, whereas, in indoor environments, benzene has the higher concentration (6-9 mu g/m(3)). The indoor concentrations of NO2 (15.4-22.2 mu g/m(3) for radial samplers and 48-60 mu g/m(3) for axial samplers) are not only much higher than the recommended limit values to guarantee proper conservation of artefacts (5 mu g/m(3)), but also close to the values for human health preservation (40 mu g/m(3)), suggesting the need of proper strategy to improve indoor air quality inside the Sanctuary. The preliminary results obtained for the new axial-type sampler for nitrogen dioxide are very encouraging, given the closeness of the obtained concentration data to those measured by monitoring central unit, even though further experiments will have to be carried out to validate this sampler.