The potential of MOFs embedded in banana cellulose materials for application in dialysis

The accumulation of uremic toxins in the human body presents a fatal issue that leads to the development of chronic kidney disease. The effective removal of these toxins from the bloodstream is crucial for enhancing the efficacy of hemodialysis and improving the survival rate. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between an adsorbent and the uremic toxins is vital in the development of efficient materials for the elimination of these hazardous compounds. In this study, we investigate the adsorption behavior of various toxins, namely cresol sulfate, and creatinine, using banana cellulose and its modified form with MOFs, namely Ni-BTC, Cu-BTC, and Co-BTC. The adsorption behavior is characterized using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The analysis reveals that the Langmuir model provides a better fit to the isotherm data compared to the Freundlich model. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics data indicate that both banana cellulose and its modified form with MOFs adhere to the pseudo-second-order rate models rather than the pseudo-first-order model. The capacities for adsorption of cresol sulfate by banana cellulose, Ni-BTC@cellulose, Cu-BTC@cellulose, and Co-BTC@cellulose were measured to be 115, 402, 509, and 577 mg/g, respectively. Conversely, the capacities for adsorption of creatinine were found to be 166, 514, 605, and 704 mg/g, respectively. The underlying mechanism of adsorption is contingent upon the van der Waals interactions and pi-pi interactions. Furthermore, even after undergoing five cycles, the removal efficiency for cresol sulfate and creatinine remained at 88 % and 85 %, respectively. These findings demonstrate the renderability of MOFs@cellulose. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared MOFs was recorded for all MOFs composites against tested pathogenic microbes. Additionally, the MOFs@cellulose exhibited a satisfactory level of blood compatibility. Consequently, these exceptional MOFs@cellulose present a promising opportunity for reducing costs associated with clinical hemodialysis.