Multiple hydraulic fracture propagation simulation in deep shale gas reservoir considering thermal effects

Deep and ultra -deep shale gas will gradually become the focus of unconventional oil and gas resources in the petroleum industry. In the development of shallow shale reservoirs, the multicluster hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells is the commonly applied technique to create a network of fractures and achieve reservoir stimulation. However, for deep shale reservoirs, the behavior of multiple hydraulic fracture propagation is affected by stress interference between fractures. On the other hand, it is also influenced by the temperature disturbances caused by the injection of low -temperature fracturing fluids into high -temperature formations and the resulting thermal effects. Currently, most research on multiple hydraulic fracture propagation in shale only considers the interaction between fluids and solids while neglecting thermal effects. Therefore, based on the displacement discontinuity method, finite volume method, and finite difference method, this study established a numerical model for the non -planar propagation of multi -cluster hydraulic fractures in deep shale, considering the thermal effects. And the model was validated through numerical solutions of the temperature field and double -fracture propagation. Moreover, the number of fracture clusters, pumping rate, and formation temperature were selected as influencing factors, and the differences in multiple hydraulic fracture propagation with and without considering thermal effects were analyzed. The results show that as the formation temperature increases, the thermal effects become more significant, leading to greater differences in the morphology of multi -cluster fractures. Moreover, the thermal effects are more significant when the formation temperature exceeds 90 degrees C. Additionally, appropriately reducing the number of fracture clusters or increasing the pumping rate can to some extent mitigate stress interference between fractures and promote uniform fracture propagation. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the influence of thermal effects on multiple hydraulic fracture propagation and provide theoretical basis for the efficient development of deep shale gas.