Degenerative disorders of temporomandibular joint- Current practices and treatment modalities

Degenerative Joint Disorders (DJD) of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) represent a challenging and multifaceted group of conditions that severely impact the joint 's function and quality of life. This comprehensive review delves into the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and contemporary management strategies of TMJOA. While systemic illnesses, aging processes, hormonal factors, and behavioral factors have been implicated in its development, recent evidence highlights the pivotal role of mechanical overloading in initiating a series of degenerative changes within the TMJ. Painful joints, a hallmark of TMJ-OA, result from the soft tissues around the affected joint and reflexive muscle spasm, following Hilton 's law, which innervates the joint 's muscles and overlying skin. This self-preservation re flex protects against further joint damage. Moreover, painful symptoms may arise from subchondral bone destruction. Recognizing the importance of understanding the biomechanical environment within the TMJ, this review underscores its relevance in identifying the mechanisms behind TMJ pain and disability. Furthermore, it discusses the potential application of tissue engineering in TMJ reconstruction, emphasizing the need to learn from past TMJ implant experiences. In the context of treatment, the review highlights the signi ficance of managing TMJ-OA, focusing on restoring function and reducing pain. Treatment modalities span from non-invasive therapies to surgical options, with the latter reserved for cases unresponsive to conservative approaches and severely affecting an individual 's quality of life. This review serves as a vital resource for both clinicians and researchers, offering insights into the multifaceted nature of TMJ-OA and the evolving landscape of its diagnosis and management, incorporating biomechanical considerations and potential advances in tissue engineering. Understanding the complexities of TMJ-OA is instrumental in enhancing the care and well-being of individuals affected by this condition.