Evaluation of Caries Risk Using Cariogram Among Orthodontic Patients Before and During Treatment: A Comparative Study

Objective The primary objective was to examine the Cariogram parameters among orthodontic patients with fixed appliances and evaluate the impact of preventive measures on mitigating the risk of dental caries during orthodontic therapy. Materials and methods Patients visiting the representative orthodontic clinics across 14 districts of Kerala participated in the comparative cross-sectional study from January 2023 to January 2024. The sampling method employed in this study was convenience quota sampling, where study subjects were allocated from each of the low, moderate, and high caries risk profiles until the sample size reached the minimal requirement within each group. The baseline Cariogram scores were used to divide the consented participants into two distinct groups. The intervention group was provided with preventive initiatives, including toothpaste comprising 1,450 ppm fluoride, 0.2% NaF mouthwash, pre-cut strands of SuperFloss, an orthodontic toothbrush designed for orthodontic braces, and an interdental flexible brush, as well as videos, pamphlets, and brochures that promoted oral health habits. In contrast, the control group received normal oral health education solely through the use of pamphlets and brochures. After six months, the Cariogram elements were re-evaluated for individuals in both groups. The independent sample t -test and paired t -test were applied to evaluate statistically significant differences between and within the two groups, respectively, using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). The distribution of patients based on their caries risk profiles was compared between groups at the commencement of the study and six months later using the Chi-square test. Results While the intervention group had 20 males and 22 females, the control group consisted of 21 males and 21 females. The average age in the intervention and control groups was 20.7 +/- 3.56 years and 21.2 +/- 3.12 years, respectively. Between the two groups, age (t=-0.68; p=0.50) and gender differences ( lambda 2 =0.05; p=0.83) were statistically insignificant. The percentage mean of the "Chance to avoid caries" associated with the intervention group increased significantly from 46.15 +/- 0.96 to 57.88 +/- 1.91, (p<0.001). On the other hand, the chance to avoid caries in the control group at the commencement of the treatment and six months later was found to be statistically insignificant. A statistically highly significant differences for all the Cariogram parameters were found when contrasted between the groups after six months of orthodontic treatment. The distribution of caries risk categorization between the control and intervention groups after six months of orthodontic treatment was found to be statistically significant ( lambda 2 =20.16; p<0.0001). Further, a statistically significant difference was observed during the pre-treatment phase and six months later in the intervention group ( lambda 2 =13.02; p=0.001). Conclusion The study findings reveal that it would be prudent to utilize 0.2% sodium fluoride mouth rinse, SuperFloss, an orthodontic toothbrush designed for orthodontic braces, and an interdental flexible brush, along with toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride daily, to mitigate the risk of dental cavities during orthodontic treatment, in comparison to the control group.