Diurnal variation of air pollutants and their relationship with land surface temperature in Bengaluru and Hyderabad cities of India

Air pollution and Land Surface Temperature (LST) are crucial components of urban environments. As urbanization and industrialization increase, the two components affect the natural environment of the urban areas. The present study investigated the daytime and nighttime spatiotemporal distribution of air pollutants and examined their relationship with LST for Bengaluru and Hyderabad cities of India. Daytime/nighttime/seasonal/spatial variations of air pollutants and LST, sensitivity of air pollutant in affecting LST, relationship between air pollutants and LST, and hotspots/coldspots analysis for LST and air pollutants was carried out. The study utilized, air pollutants data of 5-years from air quality monitoring stations and LST data of overlapping period from MODIS satellite. PM 2.5 exceeded the national and international air quality standards while all other parameters were within specified limits/guideline values, at both the cities. The study found that LST had maximum sensitivity towards PM 2.5 and NO 2 for both the cities indicating that both these parameters are more effective in causing changes in the LST values. High Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) values for urban areas demonstrated strong surface urban heat island (SUHI) during nighttime in both the cities. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that LST, at Hyderabad, was positively correlated with PM 2.5 (r = 0.714) during daytime. Relationship of LST with all air pollutants and meteorological parameters was investigated simultaneously and very strong relationship of LST with all other parameters was observed for both daytime and nighttime for both the cities. The R 2 values at Bengaluru were 0.98 and 0.92 for nighttime and daytime, respectively, while the corresponding values were 0.87 and 0.93, respectively for Hyderabad. Hotspot analysis showed that total area of hotspots/coldspots undergoes temporal variations and the corresponding area during daytime was higher/lower compared to nighttime for different parameters. The trend of increase/decrease of daytime area of hotspots/ coldspots, over nighttime area, was also different from different parameters as well as it was observed different for both the cities. Overall, the present study provides holistic insights into the interaction between air pollutants and LST in urban contexts. By understating these interactions and variations it helps urban planning and policymaking mitigate the challenge of the rise in LST and air pollutants.