Evaluation of the concentration and human health risk of nitrate and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in melons from a southern region of Iran: Identification of pollution sources

Decentralized agriculture, improper monitoring of cultivation conditions, and leaching of contaminants into lands led to the contamination of crops with various potentially toxic elements (PTEs). However, it is essential to know more about the profile level and associated risk of these contaminants and their origin, especially in highwater content crops. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of PTEs in melons of one of Iran's southern cities and follow that health risk assessment in the target population for the first time. Results of the present study confirmed that although the mean concentration of some metals was lower than the safety standard (Cr: 4.6 +/- 2 mg/kg and Pb: 7.4 +/- 4 mg/kg), their nutritional value was unfavorable regarding some micronutrients (Cu: 88.8 +/- 27 mg/kg and Zn: 480 +/- 275 mg/kg). The highest metal concentration in cantaloupe was iron (1706.47 mg/ kg, p -value <0.05), and nitrate concentration in all melon types was 2.59 - 524.54 mg/kg (p-value <0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) with K -means clustering and the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model have shown that contaminants in melons originated from human activities. So, excessive use of agricultural fertilizers is a possible source of nitrates in melons, which have 93 % of factor loading values. The health risk assessment also showed that melons' carcinogenic and non -carcinogenic risk using the deterministic method was lower than the permissible limit (HQ < 1, ILCR 4). However, the Monte Carlo simulation estimated HQ > 1 in the children group for the 95th percentile. Furthermore, the level of certainty in the carcinogenesis risk for children, women, and men was estimated at 86.48 %, 64.67 %, and 61.30 %, respectively. Also, the consumption rate was determined as the most important parameter in the sensitivity analysis. As a consequence, there is a potential health risk for Iranians after the consumption of melon due to PTEs and nitrate levels that also originated from anthropogenic sources.