Prevalence of aggressive care among patients with cancer near the end of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Aggressive care near patients ' end -of -life (EOL) entails limited therapeutic values, high costs, and compromised quality of life (QoL). In this study, we aimed to estimate the global prevalence of aggressive care in patients with cancer and explore potential subgroup differences. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from database inception to Feb 16, 2024. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of aggressive EOL care using at least one quanti fi able measure. Random -effects models were used to derive the pooled prevalence and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate differences in the prevalence of aggressive care across regions, the country ' s level of economic development, tumor types, ages, and sample sizes. This review is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42023467839. Findings A total of 129 studies were included in this systematic review, of which 118 (91.5%) were from highincome countries. Studies were mostly conducted in the Americas (60, 46.5%), Europe (34, 26.4%), and Western Paci fi c (31, 24.0%). Measures of aggressive care were inconsistent across studies, with the most commonly used measure being the use of chemotherapy in the last 14 days of life (DOLs) (n = 87, 67.4%) and intensive care unit (ICU) stay in the last 30 DOLs (n = 87, 67.4%). The prevalence of the fi ve claims -based measures of aggressive care, i.e., chemotherapy in the last 14 DOLs, ICU stay in the last 30 DOLs, repeated hospital admission in the last 30 DOLs, repeated emergency room (ER) visit in the last 30 DOLs, and hospice care <3 days before death were 11.6% (95% CI, 9.8% - 13.4%), 14.4% (95% CI, 11.8% - 17.0%), 17.9% (95% CI, 14.4% - 21.4%), 14.8% (95% CI, 12.0% - 17.6%), and 14.4% (95% CI, 11.2% - 17.6%), respectively. Regional differences were statistically signi fi cant in the prevalence of ICU stay and repeated hospital admission in the last 30 DOLs (p < 0.01; p = 0.03). Patients with hematologic malignancies were more likely to receive aggressive care than those with solid tumors, as seen in their higher rates of chemotherapy in the last 14 DOLs (21.7% versus 11.6%; p = 0.03), ICU stay in the last 30 DOLs (25.5% versus 10.8%; p < 0.01), and hospice care <3 days before death (26.7% versus 14.2%; p < 0.01). In addition, the prevalence of chemotherapy in the last 14 DOLs (26.2%; p < 0.01) and repeated hospital admission in the last 30 DOLs (31.4%; p < 0.01) were highest among pediatric patients with cancer. Interpretation This meta -analysis found that aggressive EOL care was common in patients with cancer, regardless of the de fi nition used, and varied by regions and populations. It is necessary to be aware of the global burden of aggressive care for patients with cancer near their EOL and take prompt action to address it.