A comparative study of ZnO, AZO, TiO 2, Sb 2 O 3, and SnO 2 nanomaterials coated SPR based fiber optic refractive index sensors for chemical sensing application

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based fiber optic sensors tailored for precise detection of refractive index (RI) variations in acetone and ethanol solutions. The sensor probe design incorporates a nanostructure comprising a metal layer (Ag, Al, or Cu) and a metal oxide sensing layer (ZnO, AZO, TiO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 ) over the fiber core. Employing the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), optimal layer thicknesses were determined, with a combination of 50 nm Ag and 20 nm metal oxide demonstrating maximum sensitivities. The sensor probes were fabricated using the Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering technique, and their uniformity, elemental composition, and optical properties were assessed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and ellipsometer analyses. The sensor response of the probes is 12 %, 7.1 %, 10.8 %, 6.08 %, and 11.34 % for acetone and 11.9 %, 9.2 %, 12 %, 7.89 %, and 12.48 % for ethanol. Sensitivities ranged from 2.7 nm/v% to 2.84 nm/v% for acetone and 1.90 nm/v% to 3.02 nm/v% for ethanol, with the SnO 2 -coated probe exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Further sensitivity enhancement was achieved by introducing a bimetal layer (50 nm Ag/5 nm Sb/20 nm SnO 2 ), resulting in a 15 % increase for ethanol compared to the Ag/SnO 2 -based SPR probe.