The clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

After more than 200 years since its initial description, the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson 's disease (PD) remains an often -challenging endeavor, with broad implications that are fundamental for clinical management. Despite major developments in understanding it 's pathogenesis, pathological landmarks, non-motor features and potential paraclinical clues, the most accepted diagnostic criteria remain solidly based on a combination of clinical signs. Here, we review this process, discussing its history, clinical criteria, differential diagnoses, ancillary diagnostic testing, and the role of nonmotor and pre-motor signs and symptoms.