Impact of inclined magnetic field on natural convection in ferrofluid within a semi-circular enclosure with a heated wavy surface

Ferrofluids are liquids that exhibit distinctive magnetic properties when subjected to a magnetic field. Due to their magnetic susceptibility, ferrofluids have recently gained considerable scientific attention. They find tools in different fields, such as electronics, mechanical engineering, and materials science. The inclusion of the semi-circular enclosure inscribed around a heated wavy cylinder provides innovative perspectives essential for engineering applications involving induction furnaces and cancer therapy devices. This paper aims to conduct a computational investigation into the influence of an inclined magnetic field on the free convection within a semi-circular cage stuffed with a ferrofluid featuring an internally undulating surface. It is considered that the interior wavy cylinder was warmed (Th), and the outer semi-circular enclosure is cold (Tc). The analyzed system's governing equations are computed using the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The ferrofluid's flow pattern and thermal transport rate are investigated about relevant non-dimensional values, such as the wave numbers, the number of Hartmann (0 <= Ha <= 20), the number of Rayleigh (103 <= Ra <= 106), and the volume fraction (0.00 <=phi <= 0.09). Evaluating the results involves examining isotherms, analyzing the distribution of flow velocities, and calculating the Nuavg, all while considering variations in fundamental physical parameters. As the Hartmann number (Ha) decreases and both the number of Rayleigh (Ra) and volume fraction (phi) rises, the Nuavg of the ferrofluid exhibits an increased. As a result of incorporating ferroparticles, the simulation identifies a maximum value of 35.86 for the Nuavg. It is worth noting that an enhance in Hartmann numbers is associated with an 80% decrease in the velocity stream function. On the other hand, an escalation in ferroparticle values leads to a 9.7% reduction, while elevated Rayleigh numbers result in a 60.8% surge in the stream function. Moreover, the irreversibility stemming from fluid friction, transfer of heat, and the magnetic field can be minimized for ferrofluid fluids (n=1), by employing the optimal parametric combination.