Recent progress in graphitic carbon nitride-based materials for antibacterial applications: synthesis, mechanistic insights, and utilization

Recent breakthroughs in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based 3 N 4 )-based materials have catalyzed the development of highly effective antibacterial strategies. This comprehensive review delves into the synthesis, mechanistic insights, and applications of g-C3N4 3 N 4 in the realm of antibacterial research. The introduction first highlights the importance of antibacterial materials, emphasizing the urgent need for innovative solutions in the face of bacterial infections and the escalating challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. Continuing, the structural attributes and distinctive characteristics of g-C3N4 3 N 4 are examined in detail, elucidating its inherent properties that make it a compelling candidate for antibacterial applications. Subsequently, we meticulously dissect various methods used in the synthesis of g-C3N4, 3 N 4 , encompassing both top-down and bottom-up approaches, offering valuable insights into the production of this promising nanomaterial. Furthermore, it delves deeper into the sterilization mechanisms of g-C3N4-based 3 N 4-based nanomaterials, encompassing a spectrum of strategies, including physical structure sterilization, photocatalytic antibacterial effects, enzymatic antibacterial processes, and the synergetic benefits that emerge from the fusion of these mechanisms. Then, it comprehensively examines the practical applications of g-C3N4-based 3 N 4-based nanomaterials in antibacterial endeavors, encompassing their pivotal roles in water purification, air purification, treatment of bacterial infections, and the development of antibacterial layers in diverse settings. In conclusion, we encapsulate the crux of our findings and provide a forward-looking perspective on the potential challenges and opportunities in the arena of g-C3N4-based 3 N 4-based materials for antibacterial applications. This review aspires to galvanize further exploration and innovation in the design of high-performance g-C3N4-based 3 N 4-based materials, thereby contributing to the progression of antibacterial solutions.