Facet Joint Morphology and Tropism in Adolescents: Association With Lumbar Disk Herniation and Spondylolysis

Study Design. A cross-sectional and observational study. Objective. To investigate the incidence of bidirectional lumbar facet tropism and its relationship with lumbar spine disease in adolescents. Summary of Background Data. There is limited information on facet joint asymmetry in the sagittal plane in adolescents. Materials and Methods: The orientation of all lumbar facet joints was measured in the bidirectional planes on computed tomographic images for 191 patients with low back pain. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to age (<15 or >= 15 yr) and sex. The facet joint angle and tropism rate were compared among the groups. Facet tropism was defined as a difference in bilateral angle of >10 degrees in the axial plane and >5 degrees in the sagittal plane. Facet joint orientation was compared among groups using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference test or Games-Howell post hoc test and the incidence of facet tropism using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction. The association of facet tropism with disease was investigated further by analyzing facet joint orientation and the incidence of facet tropism in 116 patients with single-level lumbar disease. Results. Facet tropism was observed in 8.7% of axial views and 7.5% of sagittal views. The incidence of axial facet tropism was significantly higher in male patients aged >= 15 years, especially at L4/5. Facet joint morphology in the axial plane was more coronal at L3/4 and L4/5 in male patients >= 15 years than in those <15 years. Facet joint morphology in the sagittal plane was unchanged at around 15 years of age in both sexes. Axial facet tropism was found at L4/5 in 55.6% of patients with herniated nucleus pulposus. There was a significant difference in sagittal facet orientation in patients with spondylolysis at L5. The facet angle was significantly larger in patients with L5 spondylolysis at L3/4 and L4/5. Conclusions. Facet tropism in adolescents is similar in the axial and sagittal planes. Facet tropism and specific morphology may be related to lumbar disk herniation and spondylolysis in this age group.