An updated and comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological progress on the Hypecoum genus

The Hypecoum genus belongs to the family Papaveraceae, consists of roughly 16 accepted species, and is extensively distributed from the Mediterranean to Central Asia and Northern China. It was used widely for the treatment of sore throat, tracheitis, cough, hepatitis, bronchitis, bacterial dysentery, and conjunctive congestion with swelling and pain disease in traditional Chinese and other countries' medicine, especially in Tibetan or Mongolian medicine. Based on "Hypecoum", a total of 163 relevant papers published since 1924 were meticulously selected through comprehensive searches of the American Chemical Society (ACS), PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Modern pharmacological researches have evaluated its various biological activities, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and antiproliferative activities, even the assessment of its potential for mitigating the impact of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Approximately 100 alkaloids have been obtained and identified from the Hypecoum species, as well as flavonoid, volatile oil, phenolic, and aromatic compounds. Additionally, the Hypecoum species is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae, partial efficacies of which have been verified via numerous pharmacological and clinical investigations, particularly in the treatment of inflammatory and pain diseases. This reviews performed an exhaustive literature review to bridge the knowledge gap that there has yet to be a comprehensive and systematic review addressing the botany, traditional uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological effects, and underlying mechanisms associated with Hypecoum genus. The ultimate aim is to facilitate a solid foundation for the modern research and development of Hypecoum spp., thereby contributing to scientific advancement and enhancing the existing literature in this field.