Gender Affirming Facial Surgery-Anatomy and Procedures for Facial Masculinization

center dot The upper facial third can be masculinized via forehead and brow augmentation, and eyebrow augmentation and recontouring. center dot The middle facial third can be masculinized via inferiolateral cheek augmentation, nasal masculinization/augmentation techniques, and orthognathic surgery. center dot The lower facial third can be masculinized through numerous nonsurgical and surgical interventions, including orthognathic surgery of the chin and mandible, various fillers and implants, and thyroid cartilage augmentation. center dot Patients may have different desired end -goals and testosterone exposure can variably masculinize different facial features, so each patient's surgical approach should be individualized. center dot There are very few studies that specifically examine masculinizing procedures of the face specific to transgender men.