Synthesis and characterization strategies of two-dimensional (2D) materials for quantum technologies: A comprehensive review

Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and nanosheets have captured significant interest due to their exceptional properties, positioning them as promising candidates for a plethora of quantum applications, including quantum computing, sensing, and communication. This paper offers a thorough review of various synthesis methods, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), mechanical exfoliation, atomic layer deposition (ALD), and bottom-up approaches, highlighting their strengths and drawbacks in fabricating high-quality 2D materials. Furthermore, it explores cutting-edge characterization techniques, namely scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), Raman spectroscopy, and quantum transport measurements. These techniques are crucial for examining the structural, electronic, and quantum characteristics of these materials. The review further addresses the significant role 2D materials play in the advancement of quantum technologies, highlighting current challenges and future research directions in this swiftly progressing arena. Leveraging the extraordinary properties of these materials could lead to the innovation of groundbreaking devices, potentially revolutionizing device miniaturization and reducing energy consumptionkey aspects for the development of future sustainable technologies. Nonetheless, the fabrication of ultra-thin, defect-minimal 2D materials with consistent thickness remains a significant challenge. The integration of AI and machine learning could enable controlled, adaptive systems to optimize this research.