Optimal energy harvesting plans in water distribution networks considering the stakeholders' utilities

This paper delves into identifying the optimal scenario for the implementation of micro-turbines, specifically Pump-as-Turbines (PaTs), in a water distribution network (WDN) by achieving the highest consensus among the involved stakeholders. Utilising a simulations-optimisation model, the best location, type, and operation hours for micro-turbines were selected within a case study WDN. The objective was to maximise the generated energy, while maintaining the standard hydraulic conditions of the WDN. A total of 84 scenarios were developed, considering the number of installed turbines, allocation of the generated energy, and pricing schemes. The scenarios explore the possibilities of allocating the generated electricity to the water company, national grid, cryptocurrency mining, or electric car charging. Evaluation of the scenarios involves 36 criteria, and the study identifies 18 stakeholders involved in water and energy management within the case study. Stakeholder utility with respect to the criteria was determined through interviews, and weights for each stakeholder were assigned based on previous studies. The utility of each scenario was computed in a matrix, and scenarios were ranked accordingly, revealing that the scenario involving the generation of electricity by five turbines sold to the grid at twice the current price garnered the highest stakeholder support.