Multilayer woven scaffolds with gradient degradation and nano guidance properties for tendon reconstruction: Continuously promoting tissue infiltration and inducing tissue alignment

Limited tissue infiltration and disordered collagen alignment are primary factors in tendon repair failure. This study introduces a multilayer-induced scaffold (IS@DN) for tendon repair, combining gradient-degraded layers (DLs) and nano-guided layers (NLs). DL degradation creates 3-D pore channels for cell infiltration, while NLs offer continuous contact guidance for cell alignment. Enhanced cell penetration and alignment within the scaffold promote orderly collagen regeneration. IS@DN demonstrates suitable mechanical properties and degradation-enhanced porosity, promoting cell and collagen infiltration. Sequential exposure of NLs facilitates continuous alignment of cells and collagen fibers. At a macro level, IS@DN effectively regenerates the rat Achilles tendon, restoring 91.37 % of its native failure load. This integrative approach, incorporating gradient degradation and nano guidance, holds considerable promise for clinical tissue regeneration.