The evolution of thermal runaway parameters of lithium-ion batteries under different abuse conditions: A review

Thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains a major concern in their large-scale applications. It has been a hot topic to understand the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of LIBs, with the goal of achieving early warning of TR. The key parameters of the battery undergo different evolutionary processes because of their different mechanisms under specific abuse methods. The aim of this study is to comprehensively summarize the TR response for various LIB applications and abuse types, and to identify the TR hazard by establishing critical parameter thresholds, which in turn can improve the effectiveness of response strategies. In-depth analysis of the response characteristics of main parameter types, such as temperature, voltage, gas production, and mechanical behavior, under three different abuse conditions, namely thermal, electrical, and mechanical abuse is presented. The paper examines and compares the key parameters and corresponding mechanisms of TR, focusing on their pre-thermal runaway warning thresholds and critical values. The state-of-art warning methods for the battery management system are reviewed. Suggestions for TR threshold settings are presented by incorporating essential pre-thermal runaway parameters into current monitoring methods. This work summarizes important parameter evolution characteristics for various LIBs under specific abuse conditions and can help reduce the potential risks associated with any TR incidents.