Age-Related Changes in Low Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Female Adolescents: A Single-Center Retrospective Pilot Study

Study Objective: Available data on the clinical significance of low serum anti-M & uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) levels in female adolescents are limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate age-related changes in low serum AMH levels in adolescents and to identify predictive factors for AMH progression. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on a series of female adolescents aged 11-19 years with low serum AMH levels ( < 1.19 ng/mL) who underwent additional AMH tests at least 1 year apart. Participants who showed an increase in the subsequent AMH test ( > 1.6 ng/mL) (Group 1) were compared with those who did not (Group 2). Results: Among 1655 adolescents who underwent AMH testing at least once from 2010 to 2022, 75 participants (4.5%) exhibited low AMH levels ( < 1.19 ng/mL), excluding primary ovarian insufficiency. A notable increase in serum AMH levels ( > 1.6 ng/mL) was confirmed in 7 (30.4%) of 23 female adolescents who underwent relevant follow-up testing. Group 1 had higher initial AMH levels and lower initial follicle-stimulating hormone levels than Group 2 (1.0 vs 0.59 ng/mL, P = .001 and 4.4 vs 9.8 mIU/mL, P = .015, respectively). Ovarian volume did not differ between the groups (3.8 vs 4.4 cm3 , P = .465). None of the participants with initial AMH levels under 0.75 ng/mL showed an increase in AMH levels during follow-up. Conclusion: These findings suggest that low serum AMH levels in adolescents may have other explanations in addition to being indicative of a low ovarian reserve. Prospective studies involving a larger number of participants will aid in predicting AMH improvement in adolescents.