Review: Aspects of digestibility and requirements for minerals and vitamin D by growing pigs and sows

Some of the biggest changes in mineral nutrition for pigs that have occurred due to recent research were caused by the understanding that there is a loss of endogenous Ca and P into the intestinal tract of pigs. This resulted in development of the concept of formulating diets based on standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) rather than apparent total tract digestibility because the values for STTD of these minerals are additive in mixed diets. There are, however, no recent summaries of research on digestibility and requirements of macro- and microminerals and vitamin D for pigs. Therefore, the objective of this review was to summarize selected results of research conducted over the last few decades to determine the digestibility and requirements of some minerals and vitamin D fed to sows and growing pigs. Benefits of microbial phytase in terms of increasing the digestibility of most minerals have been demonstrated. Negative effects on the growth performance of pigs of over-feeding Ca have also been demonstrated, and frequent analysis of Ca in complete diets and raw materials is, therefore, recommended. There is no evidence that current requirements for vitamin D for weanling or growing-finishing pigs are not accurate, but it is possible that gestating and lactating sows need more vitamin D than currently recommended. Vitamin D analogs and metabolites such as 1(OH)D-3 and 25(OH)D-3 have beneficial effects when added to diets for sows in combination with vitamin D3. Recent research on requirements for macrominerals other than Ca and P is scarce, but it is possible that Mg in diets containing low levels of soybean meal is marginal. Some of the chelated microminerals have increased digestibility compared with sulfate forms, and hydroxylated forms of Cu and Zn appear to be superior to sulfate or oxide forms. Likewise, dicopper oxide and Cu methionine hydroxy analog have a greater positive effect on the growth performance of growing pigs than copper sulfate. The requirement for Mn may need to be increased whereas there appears to be no benefits of providing Fe above current requirements. In conclusion, diets for pigs should be formulated based on values for STTD of Ca and P and there are negative effects of providing excess Ca in diets. It is possible vitamin D analogs and metabolites offer benefits over vitamin D-3 in diets for sows. Likewise, chelated forms of microminerals or chemical forms of minerals other than sulfates or oxides may result in improved pig performance. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).