Prehatch thermal manipulation of embryos and posthatch baicalein supplementation increased liver metabolism, and muscle proliferation in broiler chickens

The exposure of broiler chickens to high ambient temperatures causes heat stress (HS), HS ), negatively affecting their health and production performance. To mitigate heat stress in broilers, various strategies, including dietary, managerial, and genetic interventions, have been extensively tested with varying degrees of efficacy. For sustainable broiler production, it is imperative to develop an innovative approach that effectively mitigates the adverse effects of HS. Our previous studies have provided valuable insights into the effects of prehatch embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) TM ) and posthatch baicalein supplementation on embryonic thermotolerance, metabolism, and posthatch growth performance. This follow-up study investigated the effect of these interventions on gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism in the liver, as well as muscle proliferation and regeneration capacity in heat-stressed broiler chickens. A total of six-hundred fertile Cobb 500 eggs were incubated for 21 d. After candling, 238 eggs were subjected to TM at 38.5 degrees C with 55% relative humidity (RH) RH ) from embryonic day (ED) ED ) 12 to 18. These eggs were transferred to the hatcher and kept at a standard temperature (37.5 degrees C) from ED 19 to 21, while 236 eggs were incubated at a controlled temperature (37.5 degrees C) till hatch. After hatching, 180 day-old chicks from both groups were raised in 36 pens treatment (n n = 10 birds/pen, 6 replicates per treatment). The treatments were: 1) Control, 2) TM, 3) Control heat stress (CHS), CHS ), 4) Thermal manipulation heat stress (TMHS), TMHS ), 5) Control heat stress supplement (CHSS), CHSS ), and 6) Thermal manipulation heat stress supplement ( TMHSS ). Baicalein was added to the treatment group diets starting from d 1. All birds were raised under the standard environment for 21 d, followed by chronic heat stress from d 22 to 35 (32-33 0 C for 8 h) in the CHS, TMHS, CHSS, and TMHSS groups. A thermoneutral (22-240C) 0 C) environment was maintained in the Control and TM groups. RH was constant (50 5%) throughout the trial. In the liver, TM significantly increased (P P < 0.05) IGF2 expression. Baicalein supplementation significantly increased (P P < 0.05) HSF3, HSP70, SOD1, SOD2, TXN, PRARa, and GHR expression. Moreover, the combination of TM and baicalein supplementation significantly increased (P P < 0.05) the expression of HSPH1, HSPB1, HSP90, LPL, and GHR. . In the muscle, TM significantly increased (P P < 0.05) HSF3 and Myf5 gene expression. TM and baicalein supplementation significantly increased (P P < 0.05) the expression of MyoG and significantly (P P < 0.05) decreased mTOR and PAX7. . In conclusion, the prehatch TM of embryos and posthatch baicalein supplementation mitigated the deleterious effects of HS on broiler chickens by upregulating genes related to liver gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism, and muscle proliferation.