Elevating performance in BDS-3 Precise Point Positioning Ambiguity Resolution LEO constellations

With the help of constellations combined BDS-3 (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) and LEO (Low Earth Orbit), we aim to improve the performances of PPP (Precise Point Positioning) and PPP Ambiguity Resolution (PPP -AR). First, LEO constellations with 66, 96, 156, 192, 270, and 288 satellites are designed to establish six LEO augmented constellations. Based on four challenge scenarios, PPP of six LEO augmented constellations are performed. Even in the strip -shaped obstruction area losing more than 60% of observations, the positioning accuracies of static PPP are improved by (1.0%, 5.7%, 0.2%) for BDS+66LEO, and (14.9%, 33.7%, 7.5%) for BDS+288LEO in the east, north, and up components. The positioning accuracy and convergence time improve quickly as the number of LEO satellites increased from 66 to 156, and slowdown from 192 to 288. Two constellations, BDS+156LEO and BDS+192LEO, are considered to strike the balance of acceptable PPP performance and constellation load. Then, the performance of PPP -AR is realized with the estimated UPD (Uncalibrated Phase Delay). The correlations among geodetic parameters and ambiguities deriving from the post -fit variance-covariance matrix are analyzed to illustrate the enhancement of LEO augmented constellations. Under the condition of 20 degrees elevation angle occlusion with azimuth ranging from 0 to 360 degrees , BDS+156LEO can achieve an ambiguity fix rate of up to 98.37% with a faster mean TTFF (Time To First Fix) of 12.76 min, and the positioning accuracies in the east, north, and up components are improved by 28.2%, 21.4%, and 15.1% respectively, compared with BDS-3. BDS+192LEO realized an 98.42% ambiguity fixing rate, and improved BDS-3 by 31.4%, 26.7% and 11.5% with its TTFF been 12.25 min.