A review of current practice for life cycle assessment of cement and concrete

Concrete production is a significant contributor to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to its extensive use. These notable impacts have driven a desire to quantify the environmental burdens and pathways to reduce burdens of this product, commonly through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Here, we review the application of the LCA methodology in assessing various decarbonization strategies and areas where accuracy of quantitative environmental impact assessments for comparison can be improved. Key findings suggest a need for improved standardization in selection of processes included in a system boundary, choice of a functional unit that considers both mechanical performance and long-term sustainability, guidance on impact allocation, and consideration of benefits across the entire product life cycle. Additionally, the establishment of standard practices for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses through a stochastic approach is recommended. Findings identify gaps that need to be addressed to enable LCA research's potential efficacy on industry decarbonization, and can guide the development of standard practices, ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive and effective assessment of decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industry.