Evaluation of Carbon Capture Methodologies, Mechanisms, and Improvements for Sustainable Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Using Microalgae

This review article presents a comprehensive evaluation of carbon capture (CC) methodologies, with a focus on sustainable carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation using microalgae. It highlights the urgency of addressing escalating atmospheric CO2 levels owing to their significant contribution to global warming and explores various CC techniques. Special emphasis is placed on microalgae-based strategies, which offer a promising solution for biologically sequestering CO2 efficiently and cost-effectively while converting it into valuable biomass, which then can be used for various applications that include bioenergy. The article examines various mechanisms identified and involved in CO2 assimilation, methodologies, and possible improvements in CO2 capture and biomass conversion by microalgae. It also assesses the economic feasibility of microalgae cultivation for CC, suggesting that large-scale implementation could sequester substantial amounts of CO2 annually and yield significant biomass for applications such as integrating wastewater treatment and flue gas utilization, thereby contributing to a sustainable global bioeconomy and mitigating climate change impacts.