Correlation between flood couplet-based sediment yield and rainfall patterns in a small watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Understanding how rainfall patterns impact sediment yields during rainfall events is important to explore soil erosion changes and to prevent watershed flood disasters. However, few studies identified sediment yields variation affected by rainfall patterns at continuous deposited flood couplet scale. This study analyzed sediment yields under different rainfall patterns and correlated particle depositional features on the condition that the erosive environment was obviously changed by anthropogenic activities in a check dam -controlled small watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Results showed that erosive rainfall events, having formed 40 flood couplets behind the check dam between 1978 and 2010, can be grouped into three rainfall patterns (i.e., rainfall patterns I, II, and III) according to changes in rainfall amount, erosivity, and duration. Rainfall pattern III, characterized by high rainfall amount and erosivity within a short duration (i.e., rainstorm) accounted for only 15.0 % of erosive rainfall events while yielding 44.7 % of the total sediment. Conversely, rainfall pattern I (the most common, 55.0 %), characterized by its long duration and relatively low rainfall amount and erosivity, only contributed 25.3 % of the total sediment. Both sediment yields and thickness proportions of coarse particle layer in flood couplets exhibited a decreasing trend under all three rainfall patterns. Meanwhile, the main factor that impacted sediment yields changed from rainfall in the 1980s and 1990s to the "Grain for Green " program dominated anthropogenic activities since 1999. For a small watershed with a few terraces and only one check dam at the outlet, artificial vegetation restoration significantly reduced coarse soil particle loss and sediment yield. Findings showed that sediment yield and deposition feature variations in flood couplets under different rainfall patterns are helpful in improving watershed soil and water conservation measures against flood disasters, particularly under rainstorms.