Child, maternal, and adult mortality in rural Ethiopia in 2019: a cross-sectional mortality survey using electronic verbal autopsies

Background Ethiopia, with about 10% of Africa ' s population, has little direct information on causes of death, particularly in rural areas where 80% of Ethiopians live. In 2019 - 2020, we conducted electronic verbal autopsies (eVA) to examine causes of death and quantify cause-speci fi c mortality rates in rural Ethiopia. Methods We examined deaths under 70 years in the three years prior to the survey dates (November 25, 2019 - February 29, 2020) among 2% of East Gojjam Zone (Amhara Region) using registered deaths and adding random sampling in this cross-sectional study. Trained surveyors interviewed relatives of the deceased with central dual-physician assignment of causes as the main outcome. We documented details on age, sex and location of death, and derived overall rural death rates using 2007 Census data and the United Nations national estimates for 2019. To these, we applied our sample-weighted causes to derive cause-speci fi c mortality rates. We calculated death risks for the leading causes for major age groups. Findings We studied 3516 deaths: 55% male, 97% rural, and 68% occurring at home. At ages 5 and older, injuries were notable, accounting for over a third of deaths at 5 - 14 years, half of the deaths at ages 15 - 29 years, and a quarter of deaths at ages 30 - 69 years. Neonatal mortality was high, mostly from prematurity/low birthweight and infections. Among children under 5 (excluding neonates), infections caused nearly two-thirds of deaths. Most maternal deaths (84%) arose from direct causes. After injuries, especially suicide, assaults, and road traf fi c accidents, vascular disease (15%) and cancer (13%) were the leading causes among adults at 30 - 69 years. HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis deaths were also important causes among adults. Interpretation Rural Ethiopia has a high burden of avoidable mortality, particularly injury, including suicide, assaults, and road traffic accidents.