The Capabilities Divide: ICT Adoption and Use among Bedouin in Israel

The Bedouin community, a subpopulation of the Arab minority in Israel, has been subject to systematic discrimination throughout the state's history, including in accessibility to digital services. Based on 25 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Bedouin men and women residing in unrecognised villages - townlets that are not legally designated as municipal entities by the state and therefore lack basic infrastructure - this study asks whether and how the capabilities approach can be used to assess and examine ICT usage among the Bedouin as a marginalised community with distinct needs. The analysis illuminates the tensions and contradictions that characterise their digital experiences and shows that the capabilities approach is particularly apposite for understanding digital exclusion while compensating for the shortcoming of the digital divide framework. The findings uncover the ubiquitous presence of mobile smartphones among Bedouin users as the central enabler of their desired capabilities while pointing out the vital place religion plays in the community members' decision-making regarding the use of ICTs for the realisation of their desired capabilities.