A transporter that allows phosphate ions to control the polymorph of exoskeletal calcium carbonate biomineralization

The SLC20A2 transporter supplies phosphate ions (P i ) for diverse biological functions in vertebrates, yet has not been studied in crustaceans. Unlike vertebrates, whose skeletons are mineralized mainly by calcium phosphate, only minute amounts of P i are found in the CaCO 3 -mineralized exoskeletons of invertebrates. In this study, a crustacean SLC20A2 transporter was discovered and P i transport to exoskeletal elements was studied with respect to the role of P i in invertebrate exoskeleton biomineralization, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for P i transport in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Freshwater crayfish, including the study animal Cherax quadricarinatus , require repeated molt cycles for their growth. During the molt cycle, crayfish form transient exoskeletal mineral storage organs named gastroliths, which mostly contain amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), an unstable polymorph long-thought to be stabilized by P i . RNA interference experiments via Cq SLC20A2 dsRNA injections reduced P i content in C. quadricarinatus gastroliths, resulting in increased calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) crystallinity and grain size. The discovery of a SLC20A2 transporter in crustaceans and the demonstration that knocking down its mRNA reduced P i content in exoskeletal elements offers the first direct proof of a long-hypothesized mechanism by which P i affects CaCO 3 biomineralization in the crustacean exoskeleton. This research thus demonstrated the distinct role of P i as an amorphous mineral polymorph stabilizer in vivo , suggesting further avenues for amorphous biomaterial studies. Statement of significance center dot Crustaceans exoskeletons are hardened mainly by CaCO 3 , with P i in minute amounts center dot P i was hypothesized to stabilize exoskeletal amorphous mineral forms in vivo center dot For the first time, transport protein for P i was discovered in crayfish center dot Transport knock-down resulted in exoskeletal CaCO3 crystallization and reduced P i (c) 2024 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.