Integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification to reveal the mechanism of artesunate in inhibiting choroidal melanoma

Background: Artesunate (ART), a natural compound derived from Artemisia annua, has shown promising clinical potentials in the treatment of various tumors, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Choroidal melanoma (CM) is a major malignant ocular tumor in adults, known for its significant malignancy and poor prognosis, with limited efficacy in current treatments. This study explored the anti-CM effects and mechanisms of ART using a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. Methods: Potential targets of ART were screened in PubChem, Swiss Target Prediction and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) Database Analysis Platform databases, while target genes related to CM prognosis were selected from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The intersection of these two groups of datasets yielded the target genes of ART involved in CM. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of the intersecting targets, as well as Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, were conducted to identify core targets and critical pathways. Molecular docking methods were performed to predict the binding interactions between ART and core targets. The effects of ART on CM were evaluated through CCK8, colony formation, transwell, as well as flow cytometry assays to detect apoptosis, cell cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot (WB) assays were conducted to investigate the impact of ART on key proteins and pathways associated with CM. Finally, in vivo assays were conducted to further validate the effects of ART on subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Results: Research has shown that key pathways and core targets for ART in treating CM were identified through a network pharmacology approach. Molecular docking results verified the strong binding affinity between ART and these core targets. The analysis and predicted results indicated that ART primarily exerted its effects on CM through various tumor-related pathways like apoptosis. The assays in vitro confirmed that ART significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of CM cells. This was achieved by promoting apoptosis through activation of the p53 signaling pathway, causing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and increasing the intracellular level of ROS by activating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Additionally, the assays in vivo further validated the significant proliferation-inhibitory effect of ART on CM. Conclusion: This study, making the initial exploration, illustrated through network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and in vitro/in vivo assays, confirmed that ART exerted potential anti-cancer effects on CM by promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest and increasing intracellular levels of ROS. These findings suggested that ART held significant therapeutic potential for CM.