Promising application of MXene-based materials in direct methanol fuel cells: A review

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) hold great promise as a sustainable energy conversion technology, but challenges such as methanol crossover and catalyst efficiency remain crucial for their widespread implementation. MXene-based materials have recently emerged as promising candidates for addressing these challenges due to their unique properties, including high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and excellent stability. In this review, we explore the synthesis and properties of MXene-based materials, emphasizing their potential as catalyst components for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in DMFC applications. The synthesis methods, diverse properties, and structural characteristics of MXenes are discussed in the context of their suitability for electrocatalysis. Additionally, the potential challenges and opportunities in the utilization of MXene-based materials in DMFCs are explored, including their application in advanced composite electrolyte membranes and electrode modification. The discussion includes key challenges like scalability, costeffectiveness, and long-term stability, which must be addressed to fully harness the potential of MXene-based materials in DMFC technology. By offering a comprehensive evaluation of their synthesis, properties, and potential applications, this review aims to inspire further research and innovation in pursuit of cleaner and more efficient energy conversion technologies.