Efficacy of the bumped kinase inhibitor BKI-1708 against the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in vitro and in experimentally infected mice

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are major worldwide morbidity-causing pathogens. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are a compound class that has been optimized to target the apicomplexan calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) - and several members of this class have proven to be safe and highly active in vitro and in vivo . BKI-1708 is based on a 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold, and exhibited in vitro IC 50 values of 120 nM for T. gondii and 480 nM for N. caninum beta-galactosidase expressing strains, and did not affect human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) viability at concentrations up to 25 mu M. Electron microscopy established that exposure of tachyzoite-infected fibroblasts to 2.5 mu M BKI-1708 in vitro induced the formation of multinucleated schizontlike complexes (MNCs), characterized by continued nuclear division and harboring newly formed intracellular zoites that lack the outer plasma membrane. These zoites were unable to finalize cytokinesis to form infective tachyzoites. BKI-1708 did not affect zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryo development during the first 96 h following egg hatching at concentrations up to 2 mu M. Treatments of mice with BKI-1708 at 20 mg/kg/day during five consecutive days resulted in drug plasma levels ranging from 0.14 to 4.95 mu M. In vivo efficacy of BKI-1708 was evaluated by oral application of 20 mg/kg/day from day 9 -13 of pregnancy in mice experimentally infected with N. caninum (NcSpain-7) tachyzoites or T. gondii (TgShSp1) oocysts. This resulted in significantly decreased cerebral parasite loads and reduced vertical transmission in both models without drug-induced pregnancy interference.