Effects of restraint stress and surface treatments on the stability of titanium dental implant osseointegration in dogs: An in vivo comparative study

Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing the effects of restraint stress and sandblasting; sandblasting with acid etching; Er-Cr: YSGG laser treatment; and propolis coating of implant surfaces on the implant stability quotient (ISQ) of grade 4 titanium dental implant osseointegration in model dogs. Methods: A total of forty-eight CPTi dental implants were divided into four groups according to surface treatment: group A: sandblasting with acid etching; group B: sandblasting with Al2O3 ; group C: Er-Cr: YSGG laser; and group D: propolis coating. Sixteen male dogs of local breed,1-1.5 years of age, weighing 22 +/- 3 kg, were divided into two main groups (n-8 dogs each): a non -stressed group (group I) and stressed group (group II). Each of these groups is further divided into four implant groups per surface treatment, A, B, C, and D (two dogs per implant group), each dog has three implants. The ISQ was tested at 0 (baseline), 14, and 90 days with a noninvasive EasyCheck (R) device. Serum cortisol in the stressed and non -stressed groups was analyzed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days with a canine cortisol ELISA kit. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: For implant stability quotient (ISQ), sandblasting in the non -stressed (group I) had the highest mean value (88.0) at 90 -days, whereas sandblasting with acid etching at 14 -days had the lowest mean value (82.6). Sandblasting in the stressed (group II) had the highest mean value (88.3) at 90 -days, whereas the laser surface treatment had the lowest mean value (72.00) at 14 -days. Serum cortisol (ng/ m l) at 90 days (143.10 and 195.33 for non -stressed and stressed groups respectively), was significantly higher than other time intervals ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: The ISQ was dependent on surface treatment, and was higher with sandblasting than the other treatments in the stressed and non -stressed groups at 90 days. For all surface -treated implants, the stressed group had significantly higher serum cortisol levels than the non -stressed group.