CO2 gas hydrate for carbon capture and storage applications - Part 2

CO2 hydrate offers some substantial applications for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). While CO2 hydrate chemistry and CO2 capture are reviewed in part 1 of this review, CO2 transportation and storage are discussed in this part. Basically, CO2 transportation is required between CO2 capture plants and CO2 sequestration sites. It is imperative to acknowledge that most strategies for achieving deep decarbonization are linked to the expansion of the current transport infrastructure. When dealing with substantial distances between CO2 capture plants and CO2 sequestration sites, the expenses associated with CO2 transportation can surpass the capture process itself. Therefore, despite the benefits of CO2 hydrates in CCS, challenges, such as flow assurance issues, may arise. For example, CO2 hydrate formation can lead to pipeline blockages, emphasizing the need for CO2 gas hydrate flow assurance study as discussed in this part. Additionally, site selection for CO2 storage requires careful consideration. Geological storage, whether in hydrate form or through the injection of CO2 or high-CO2 content mixtures, offers potential advantages, such as long-term storage and self-sealing capabilities. However, there are some challenges like CO2 hydrate processes in porous media, injectivity, flow behaviour in hydrate reservoirs, mechanical behaviour, etc., which are discussed in this review.