The role of iron-rich hydrosaline liquids in the formation of Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite deposits

Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits, an important source of iron, show close associations with andesitic subvolcanic intrusions. However, the processes of ore formation and the mechanism controlling iron concentration remain uncertain. Here, we report the widespread presence of high-temperature (>800 degrees C) water-poor multisolid hydrosaline liquid inclusions in pre- and syn-ore minerals from IOA deposits of eastern China. These inclusions consistently homogenize to a liquid phase by vapor disappearance and mostly contain 3 to 10 wt % Fe, signifying a substantial capacity for iron transportation by such hydrosaline liquids. We propose that the hydrosaline liquids were likely immiscible from the dioritic magmas with high Cl/H2O in subvolcanic settings. Subsequent reaction with host rocks and/or decompression and cooling of the hydrosaline liquids is deemed responsible for the simultaneous formation of high-temperature alteration and magnetite ores, thereby providing important insights into the distinctive characteristics of IOA deposits in shallow magmatic-hydrothermal systems.