Mental and physical health morbidity among people in prisons: an umbrella review

Background People who experience incarceration are characterised by poor health profiles. Clarification of the disease burden in the prison population can inform service and policy development. We aimed to synthesise and assess the evidence regarding the epidemiology of mental and physical health conditions among people in prisons worldwide. Methods In this umbrella review, five bibliographic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Global Health) were systematically searched from inception to identify meta-analyses published up to Oct 31, 2023, which examined the prevalence or incidence of mental and physical health conditions in general prison populations. We excluded meta-analyses that examined health conditions in selected or clinical prison populations. Prevalence data were extracted from published reports and study authors were contacted for additional information. Estimates were synthesised and stratified by sex, age, and country income level. The robustness of the findings was assessed in terms of heterogeneity, excess significance bias, small-study effects, and review quality. The study protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO, CRD42023404827. Findings Our search of the literature yielded 1909 records eligible for screening. 1736 articles were excluded and 173 full-text reports were examined for eligibility. 144 articles were then excluded due to not meeting inclusion criteria, which resulted in 29 meta-analyses eligible for inclusion. 12 of these were further excluded because they examined the same health condition. We included data from 17 meta-analyses published between 2002 and 2023. In adult men and women combined, the 6-month prevalence was 11<middle dot>4% (95% CI 9<middle dot>9-12<middle dot>8) for major depression, 9<middle dot>8% (6<middle dot>8-13<middle dot>2) for post-traumatic stress disorder, and 3<middle dot>7% (3<middle dot>2-4<middle dot>1) for psychotic illness. On arrival to prison, 23<middle dot>8% (95% CI 21<middle dot>0-26<middle dot>7) of people met diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorder and 38<middle dot>9% (31<middle dot>5-46<middle dot>2) for drug use disorder. Half of those with major depression or psychotic illness had a comorbid substance use disorder. Infectious diseases were also common; 17<middle dot>7% (95% CI 15<middle dot>0-20<middle dot>7) of people were antibody-positive for hepatitis C virus, with lower estimates (ranging between 2<middle dot>6% and 5<middle dot>2%) found for hepatitis B virus, HIV, and tuberculosis. Meta-regression analyses indicated significant differences in prevalence by sex and country income level, albeit not consistent across health conditions. The burden of non-communicable chronic diseases was only examined in adults aged 50 years and older. Overall, the quality of the evidence was limited by high heterogeneity and smallstudy effects. Interpretation People in prisons have a specific pattern of morbidity that represents an opportunity for public health to address. In particular, integrating prison health within the national public health system, adequately resourcing primary care and mental health services, and improving linkage with post-release health services could affect public health and safety. Population-based longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the extent to which incarceration affects health. Funding Research Foundation-Flanders, Wellcome Trust, National Institutes of Health. Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.