Review of OpenFOAM applications in the computational wind engineering: from wind environment to wind structural engineering

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the wind engineering (WE) is generally defined as computational wind engineering (CWE). Since its foundation in 2004, the use of OpenFOAM in CWE has been increasing progressively and covers nowadays a wide range of topics, from wind environment to wind structural engineering. This paper was drafted in response to the invitation from the organizers of the 18th OpenFOAM workshop held in Genoa (Italy) on 11-14 July 2023, when a technical session on Civil Engineering and Wind Engineering was organized. In this paper the author briefly reviews the history of WE and surveys the evolution, methods, and future challenges of OpenFOAM in the CWE. Topics are here regrouped into three main research areas and discussed from a physical, engineering and purely computational perspective. The study does not cover the Wind Energy and related topics, since this can be considered nowadays as a stand-alone subfield of the WE. This review confirms that OpenFOAM is a versatile tool widely used for WE applications that often require new models to be developed ad hoc by CFD users. It can be coupled easily with numerical weather prediction models for mesoscale-microscale wind and thermal studies, with building energy simulation models to determine the energy demand, with finite element method for structural engineering design. OpenFOAM represents an extraordinary opportunity for all CFD users worldwide to share codes and case studies, to explore the potential of new functionalities and strengthen the network within the CFD community.