Assessing the quality and grain yield of winter wheat in the organic farming management under wheat-legume intercropping practice

Intercropping is an alternative farming method that maximizes crop yield and resource usage effectiveness, especially in low-input agricultural systems. Legume-based intercropping systems can effectively boost the quality and wheat yield by promoting soil functions and microbial activities. However, changes in the types of legumes and field management can alter the response of crop functions. A three-year field study was conducted on intercropping cultivation of winter wheat variety (Butterfly and Lorien) and legume species (faba bean, incarnate clover, spring pea, winter pea) to assess grain yield and wheat quality in organic farming. Based on the results, Butterfly showed higher grain quality but lower grain yield and yield components than Lorien. Mixtures of legume crops with winter wheat did not significantly differ in wheat grain yield, but grain quality variables were significantly affected. Protein content (PC) was significantly higher in wheat and legume mixtures than in sole wheat by 4 %. PC in wheat + winter pea (Wheat + Wi) and wheat + faba bean (Wheat + Fa) were higher than wheat sown alone. Wet gluten (WG) was higher in Wheat + Wi than in sole wheat and wheat + incarnate clover mixtures (Wheat + In). The rheological parameters evaluated by the Mixolab showed greater wheat quality in Butterfly and legume mixtures. Mixed and row-row intercropping of wheat and legume species did not significantly influence rheological properties. To conclude, customizing wheat yield and grain quality under the effect of winter wheat and legume mixtures requires considering the optimal solution based on different cultivates, wheat varieties and legume species to achieve the desired response.