Advances in polymer-based scaffolding for enhanced wound healing: a comprehensive review

A wound is an immediate injury caused by a forceful impact, trauma, or internal injury resulting in the rupture of the epidermis. Pathophysiological lesions can be classified as acute or chronic depending upon the time of their occurrence. Historically, wound dressings have been employed as a method of treating both acute and chronic lesions. These form a physical barrier between the wound and the external environment, thus preventing bacterial infections. However, the absence of regular wound dressing changes increases the likelihood of bacterial infection. As a result of the dressing's prior adhesion to the incision, its removal can cause unwarranted discomfort and granule tissue loss. Moreover, the other approaches used conventionally are relatively less effective. These limitations have prompted the investigation of substitutes that could reduce granulation loss, alleviate pain, and deliver adequate oxygen to facilitate tissue repair. Scaffolding is thus a potentially effective strategy in the treatment of incisions. Various naturally occurring and synthetic polymers are being explored for the purpose. The objective of this review is to provide a concise overview of the physiochemical properties and biomedical applications of prevailing synthetic and naturally derived polymers for skin regeneration in wound healing, along with various fabrication techniques for scaffolds.