Incidental learning of temporal and spatial associations in hybrid search

The present study investigated whether incidental learning of spatial and temporal associations in hybrid visual and memory search enable observers to predict targets in space and time. In three experiments, observers looked for four, previously memorized, target items across many trials. We examined effects of learning target item sequences (e.g., the butterfly always follows the paint-box), target item-location associations (the butterfly is always in the right corner), and target item-location sequences (the butterfly in the right corner always follows the paint-box in the lower middle-left). Learning effects for the sequences of target items alone were weak. By contrast, we found good learning of target item-location associations and a reliable effect of sequence learning for target item-location associations. These findings suggest that spatiotemporal learning in hybrid search is hierarchical: Only if spatial and non-spatial target features are bound, temporal associations bias attention dynamically to the target expected to occur next.