Effect of magnetic field coupled magnetic biochar on membrane bioreactor efficiency, membrane fouling mitigation and microbial communities

The excitation by magnetic field was established to mitigate the membrane fouling of magnetic biochar (MB)supplemented membrane bioreactor (MBR) in this study. The results showed that the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase rates decreased by about 8 % after introducing the magnetic field compared with the magnetic biochar-MBR (MB-MBR). Membrane characterization suggested that the flocs in the magnetic field-magnetic biochar-MBR (MF-MB-MBR) formed a highly permeable developed calce layer, and a fluffier and more porous deposited layer on membrane surface, which minimized fouling clogging of the membrane pores. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the decrease in contact angle of fouled membrane surface in MF-MBMBR, i.e. an enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, is considered important for forming highly permeable layers. Additionally, the magnetic field was demonstrated to have a positive effect on the improvement of the magneto-biological effect, the enhancement of charge neutralization and adsorption bridging between sludge and magnetic biochar, and the reduction of formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), which all yielded sludge flocs with a large pore structure conducive to form a fluffy and porous deposited layer in the membrane surface. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the magnetic field also led to a reduction in microbial diversity, and that it promoted the enrichment of specific functional microbial communities (e.g. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) playing an important role in mitigating membrane fouling. Taken together, this study of magnetic field -enhanced magnetic biochar for MBR membrane fouling mitigation provides insights important new ideas for more effective and sustainable operation strategies.