Programmable electroanalysis enabling computable bioelectronics

Electroanalysis is a powerful analytical technique applied to identify the chemical composition in biological samples. Recent progress in programmable electroanalysis has led to new approaches for computing bioelectronics with greater accuracy, sensitivity, and speed. The major advancement of such electroanalysis is to compute biosensors by means of stimulated or hindered inputs of stimuli. These bioelectronics incorporate switchable molecules, such as redox-active polymers or Nucleic acids, that undergo structural rearrangements prompted by specific analytes, resulting in modifications to changes in the electrochemical signal and acting as a smart bio-interface. Programmable electroanalysis contribute significantly in the development of microelectrode arrays and lab-on-a-chip devices, allowing complex sample analysis with high resolution and speed. Nanotechnology leads to the development of novel materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal-organic frameworks with unique electrochemical characteristics, enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of these smart bio-interfaces, and enables new opportunities in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, medical diagnostics and therapeutics, environmental monitoring, and chemical synthesis. This review provides insight into a wide array of programmable electroanalysis systems that operate on distinct stimuli. The introduction section gives an overview of electroanalytic techniques, programmable electroanalysis, and integration of nanotechnology for their advancements. Further, the article explains the mechanism of switchable electroanalysis followed by different stimuli-based switching such as chemical, biological, and physical switching. The overview also investigates the advanced applications and innovative approaches to programmable electrolytic biosystems.