Ion energy dependence of helium plasma irradiation effects on the photoelectrochemical properties of tungsten oxide

Tungsten samples with fuzz nanostructures on the surface were generated using helium plasma with different incident ion energies, and then fuzz tungsten oxide electrodes were prepared by calcination. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties and stability of the samples were measured, and the dependence on the incident ion energy was discussed. The mechanism of the fuzz structure to enhance the PEC performance of tungsten oxide was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the fuzzy sample fabricated with higher ion energy has greater PEC performance, which is mainly caused by the increase in active surface area.