The association between disability and all-cause mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background There are 1<middle dot>3 billion people with disabilities globally. On average, they have poorer health than their nondisabled peers, but the extent of increased risk of premature mortality is unknown. We aimed to systematically review the association between disability and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We searched MEDLINE, Global Health, PsycINFO, and EMBASE from Jan 1, 1990 to Nov 14, 2022. Longitudinal epidemiological studies in any language with a comparator group that measured the association between disability and all-cause mortality in people of any age were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality by disability status. We then conducted meta-analyses separately for different impairment and age groups. Findings We identified 6146 unique articles, of which 70 studies (81 cohorts) were included in the systematic review, from 22 countries. There was variability in the methods used to assess and report disability and mortality. The meta-analysis included 54 studies, representing 62 cohorts (comprising 270 571 people with disabilities). Pooled HRs for all-cause mortality were 2<middle dot>02 (95% CI 1<middle dot>77-2<middle dot>30) for people with disabilities versus those without disabilities, with high heterogeneity between studies (tau(2) =0<middle dot>23, I-2 =98%). This association varied by impairment type: from 1<middle dot>36 (1<middle dot>17-1<middle dot>57) for visual impairment to 3<middle dot>95 (1<middle dot>60-9<middle dot>74) for multiple impairments. The association was highest for children younger than 18 years (4<middle dot>46, [3<middle dot>01-6<middle dot>59]) and lower in people aged 15-49 years (2<middle dot>45 [1<middle dot>21-4<middle dot>97]) and people older than 60 years (1<middle dot>97 [1<middle dot>65-2<middle dot>36]). Interpretation People with disabilities had a two-fold higher mortality rate than people without disabilities in LMICs. Interventions are needed to improve the health of people with disabilities and reduce their higher mortality rate.