A comparison between physics-based Li-ion battery models

Physics-based electrochemical battery models, such as the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model, are valuable tools for simulating Li-ion battery behavior and understanding internal battery processes. However, the complexity and computational demands of such models limit their applicability for battery management systems and longterm aging simulations. Reduced-order models (ROMs), such as the Extended Single Particle Model (ESPM), Single Particle Model (SPM) and Polynomial and Pade<acute accent> approximations, here all referred to as simplifications, lead to faster computational speeds. Choosing the appropriate simplification method for a specific cell type and operating condition is a challenge. This study investigates the simulation accuracy and calculation speed of various simplifications for high-energy (HE) and high-power (HP) batteries at different current loading conditions and compares those to the full-order DFN model. The results indicate that among the ROMs, the ESPM consistently offers the best combination of high computational speed and relatively good accuracy in most conditions in comparison to the full-order DFN model. Among the approximations, higher-order polynomial approximation, third and fourth-order Pade<acute accent> approximation perform the best in terms of accuracy. The higherorder polynomial approximation shows an advantage in terms of computing speed, while the fourth-order Pade<acute accent> approximation achieves the highest overall accuracy among the different approximations.