Three-dimensional flow evaluation of monarch butterfly wing

The current study aims to examine the flow field around a monarch butterfly wing at different angles of attack. A fully opened forewing configuration for the monarch butterfly wing has been selected for analysis at a maximum chord length. To mimic the membrane of the real monarch butterfly wing, the thickness of the wings has been taken as 0.15 mm. In this study, the Reynolds number is calculated as 9,724 for a 5 m/s freestream velocity. The effect of the angle of attack has been investigated between alpha is an element of [0, 40 degrees] with a 2 degrees increment from 0 degrees to 10 degrees, and a 10 degrees increment from 10 degrees to 40 degrees. The aerodynamic coefficients are compared with the experimental and numerical results available in the literature. Furthermore, the vortex dynamics for different angles of attack are investigated to understand leading-edge vortex deformation.